Jiangsu, a province located in the eastern part of China, is renowned worldwide for its rich cultural heritage and unique garden art. The gardens of Jiangsu are not only outstanding representatives of traditional Chinese garden art but also treasures of Eastern aesthetics. They attract visitors from all over the world with their exquisite design, profound cultural connotations, and harmonious natural landscapes.
Historical Origins of Jiangsu Gardens
The history of Jiangsu gardens stretches back to the distant Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, a time of intense social change and vibrant cultural thought. Against this historical backdrop, the aristocracy and literati of the Jiangsu region, with their deep appreciation for natural beauty and relentless pursuit of quality life, began to construct private gardens. Initially, these gardens served as places for the nobility to escape the heat, rest, and nurture their well-being. They not only reflected the society’s aspiration for harmony with nature but also incorporated the builders’ personal aesthetic tastes and cultural concepts, becoming a unique cultural phenomenon.
As time passed, the art of garden construction matured, and design concepts became increasingly diverse. By the Tang and Song dynasties, the construction of gardens in Jiangsu became more frequent, and garden art began to permeate other art forms such as poetry and painting, creating a distinctive “poetic and picturesque” style. Gardens were no longer mere physical spaces but had become spiritual homes for literati to express their emotions and ideals.
Entering the Ming and Qing dynasties, with unprecedented economic prosperity and cultural development, the construction of gardens in Jiangsu reached an unprecedented peak. Particularly in Suzhou, this water town in the south of the Yangtze River, with its unique natural conditions and cultural heritage, became the epitome of garden art, earning the title “City of Gardens.” During this period, not only did the number of Suzhou gardens increase dramatically, but their artistic level also reached the pinnacle of history. Whether it was the overall layout of the gardens, spatial division, architectural forms, or plant configuration, they all achieved a high level of artistic accomplishment, showcasing the essence of ancient Chinese garden art.
Today, Suzhou still preserves a large number of exquisite garden buildings, such as the Humble Administrator's Garden, the Lingering Garden, the Master of Nets Garden, and the Lion Grove Garden. They are not only treasures of Suzhou and Chinese garden art but also a shared cultural heritage of all humanity. With their unique charm, these gardens attract tourists and scholars from around the world, becoming an important platform for spreading Chinese culture and promoting international exchange. The historical evolution of Jiangsu gardens is not only a vivid history of garden art development but also a vivid scroll of Chinese cultural development. It witnesses the Chinese nation’s pursuit and creation of a better life.
Design Philosophy of Jiangsu Gardens
The design of Jiangsu gardens is deeply rooted in the ancient Chinese philosophical concept of “the unity of heaven and man,” which emphasizes the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature, advocating that human activities should comply with natural laws and pursue harmony with all things in the universe. Under the guidance of this philosophy, the designers of Jiangsu gardens, with their exceptional wisdom and artistic accomplishment, skillfully utilize natural terrain and vegetation to create spaces that follow natural laws while being rich in cultural significance, showcasing an ideal state of harmony between humans and nature.
In terms of plant selection, the designers of Jiangsu gardens pay attention to the growth habits and seasonal changes of plants, carefully choosing a variety of trees, shrubs, flowers, and aquatic plants. Through a planting method that varies in height and density, they create a natural landscape that changes with the seasons and is full of colorful scenery. In spring, one enjoys the blossoms; in summer, the rain; in autumn, the leaves; and in winter, the snow and plum blossoms. Through the cycle of the seasons, the garden presents different appearances, as if one is in a moving picture scroll.
More importantly, the design of Jiangsu gardens pursues the artistic effect of “made by humans, yet seemingly natural.” This means that although the garden is meticulously crafted by humans, its overall style should give the illusion of being naturally formed, as if it is a part of nature itself, rather than the result of artificial carving. To achieve this goal, designers must not only focus on architectural forms, spatial layout, and plant configuration but also pay attention to the details. For example, the stacking of rockery stones should strive for naturalness, water features should mimic the forms of natural water flows, and the placement of pavilions and towers should be in harmony with the environment. The aim is to achieve a visual effect where “each step offers a new view, and with every movement, the scenery changes,” allowing visitors to feel a tranquility and harmony that transcends the mundane world during their tour.
Artistic Features of Jiangsu Gardens
As an outstanding representative of classical Chinese garden art, Jiangsu gardens are renowned for their unparalleled exquisite layout, ingenious architectural design, and elegant decorative style. These gardens are not only private domains for residents to relax and nurture their well-being but also artistic sanctuaries where ancient Chinese literati sought spiritual sustenance and aesthetic pleasure.
Winding bridges and flowing water are another indispensable landscape feature in Jiangsu gardens. The meandering bridges span across the rippling ponds or streams, providing not only convenience for visitors but also becoming a beautiful landscape with their unique shapes and charm. The murmuring water accompanies the footsteps of visitors, as if whispering ancient tales, allowing one to feel a sense of tranquility and comfort while strolling.
Rockery and peculiar stones are another important element in Jiangsu gardens to showcase the beauty of nature. Designers skillfully utilize the natural shapes and textures of stones, creating a variety of imposing rockery landscapes through stacking and piecing together. These rockeries not only add depth and three-dimensionality to the gardens but also, with their unique shapes and charm, make one feel as if they are in the midst of mountains and forests, experiencing the extraordinary craftsmanship of nature.
In terms of plant configuration, Jiangsu gardens also demonstrate a high level of artistic achievement. The clever matching of seasonal flowers and the meticulous layout of evergreen trees not only add color and vitality to the gardens but also form a perfect echo with the garden architecture. In spring, cherry blossoms are in full bloom, and peach blossoms are rosy; in summer, lotus leaves are lush, and lotus flowers stand gracefully; when the autumn wind rises, maple leaves are like fire, and chrysanthemums compete for beauty; in winter, pines and cypresses are verdant, and plum blossoms stand proudly in the snow. The changing seasons bring different scenes, allowing one to feel the passage of time and the rhythm of life within the garden.
Representative Works of Suzhou Gardens
The Jiangsu region is home to many famous gardens, some of which are representative as follows:
Humble Administrator's Garden: Located in Suzhou, it is one of the Four Great Gardens of China and a World Cultural Heritage site. The Humble Administrator's Garden was first built in the early Ming Dynasty during the Zhengde reign, with a history of over 500 years. It is a representative work of classical Jiangnan gardens. The garden is centered around water, with surrounding mountains and halls, exquisite pavilions, and lush flora, full of poetic charm and rich in the characteristics of the Jiangnan water town.
Lingering Garden: Also known as the Retaining Garden, it is one of the Four Great Gardens of China, located in Suzhou, and famous for its exquisite architectural layout and numerous strange rocks. The garden's architecture is meticulously arranged around a central pond, creating a scenic line within the garden. The style of the Lingering Garden is mainly influenced by Jiangnan gardens, blending the natural landscape and cultural charm of the Jiangnan water town.
Lion Grove Garden: Known for its rockeries, the Lion Grove Garden boasts a large number of beautifully shaped lake stones, making it an outstanding representative of rockery art in Chinese gardens. The garden's buildings are scattered in a well-arranged manner, skillfully combined with rockeries, ponds, and flora to form a harmonious whole. The Lion Grove Garden is not only a garden but also a Buddhist sacred place filled with Zen, with its buildings and landscapes imbued with profound Buddhist culture.
Master of Nets Garden: Located in Suzhou, it is a representative of medium-sized classical landscape gardens in Suzhou and one of the Four Great Gardens of Suzhou. The Master of Nets Garden has a compact layout, exquisite architecture, and well-proportioned spatial scales. It is known for its delicate garden design and profound cultural connotations. The buildings and landscapes within the garden contain rich historical and cultural information, making it an important physical material for the study of ancient Chinese garden art and culture.
Ge Garden: One of the Four Great Classical Gardens of China and a World Cultural Heritage site, the Ge Garden is famous for its extensive bamboo planting and its rockeries representing the four seasons, earning it a prestigious reputation both domestically and internationally. The Ge Garden is not only a garden but also a comprehensive embodiment of residence, culture, and art. In 2005, it was rated as a national AAAA-level scenic tourist area and listed as one of the top twenty key parks in the country. In 2016, it became one of the first national key flower culture bases, demonstrating its important position in garden culture.
Zhan Garden: Located in Nanjing, it is one of the oldest existing Ming Dynasty classical gardens in Nanjing, known as the “First Garden of the Southern Capital,” with a history of over 600 years. The Zhao Garden has more than twenty large and small scenic spots, with an elegant and exquisite layout, dominated by rocks, and the rockeries are the main scenery and backbone of the garden. It is now a national key cultural relics protection unit and a national AAAAA-level tourist attraction.
He Garden: Located in Yangzhou, it is known as the “First Garden of the Late Qing Dynasty,” with a garden style that integrates Jiangnan charm and Western style. The water features of the He Garden are its perfect embellishments, with corridors and rockeries mainly built around the water features. The garden is centered around a pool of clear water, with buildings surrounding the water, making it the most beautiful part of the He Garden. The water heart pavilion in the western garden’s clear water pool is actually a stage, the only one of its kind in China that is built in the water.
Huanxiu Mountain Villa: Also known as “Yi Garden,” it is a delicate garden in Suzhou, known for its exquisite garden layout and harmonious living environment. From June 1984 to October 1985, it underwent a large-scale renovation funded by the Suzhou Garden Bureau and the Embroidery Research Institute. On January 13, 1988, Huanxiu Mountain Villa was announced by the State Council as the third batch of national key cultural relics protection units. At the end of 1997, it was listed as a World Cultural Heritage site by UNESCO.
The gardens of Jiangsu are treasures in the cultural vault of China and the world. They not only showcase the exquisite skills of ancient Chinese garden art but also serve as important resources for studying ancient Chinese culture, art, and history. Protecting these gardens is equivalent to preserving our shared cultural heritage.
